Easter Uprising :: Essays Papers

Easter Uprising People strive for independence and will do anything for it. In 1916 many of the Irish strongly wanted to take hold of Dublin, with the purpose to wipe out the British rule in Ireland, and hoping to become entirely independent. The Irish wanted to have a republic, and become free from the British rule. The leaders before the Easter Uprising started to realize that the public would show their support against the British. The leaders of this rebellion came together to fight for what they believed in. The independence of the Irish was very important and showed throughout their struggle how hard it was to achieve their goal. The Uprising was supported by a group of nationalists that wanted independence for Ireland. "Around 1,250 people started the rebellion" (Ireland). The instigator of the Easter Uprising was a man named Thomas Clarke who brought in two other men to support him. The Easter Uprising was strongly influenced by two men named Patrick Pearse, and James Conolly. On t he morning of the Uprising, Patrick Pearse labeled the movement, "an all but suicidal mission" (Newman). Major changes in Ireland happened because of the Easter Uprising. The effects were extremely important in the future of the Irish. People of a political group called the Sinn Fein declared the independence for the Irish. The statement started the guerilla ware fare of the IRA on English forces. On Easter Sunday 1916, a group called The Irish Republican Army (IRA) changed the way of the Irish. "The IRA rebels seized buildings in Dublin as a start of an uprising" (Coffey). The British troops quickly defeated the rebels, and many were taken prisoner and were put on trial to be executed. The IRA shot many of the Irish without any warning. The people were very angry with everything the IRA was doing to them. The civil war of 1922, and the Irish Republican army was formed and grew very violent towards everyone. "In 1919, the IRA shot two Irish policemen in county Tipperary, and this marked the beginning of what is now known as the war of Independence" (History of Ireland). The Civil War was the only conflict in Ireland during the twentieth-century that involved for an extended period of predictable fighting a nd it certainly did not serve as a representative for improvement.

Absorption vs. Variable Costing Essay

This case study will look at Jokkmok Industries and one of its managers, Mr. Rosen, who is bucking for a promotion to CEO. His division uses absorption costing and has the ability to produce 50,000 units a quarter with a fixed overhead amount of $600,000. While the sales forecast shows that the company will only sell 25,000 units during each of the next two quarters, Mr. Rosen wants to double his budgeted production for the second quarter from 25,000 to 50,000 units. We will look at Mr. Rosen’s decision and see how it affects his company’s bottom line by putting the figures from last quarter and the next quarter into an absorption income statement and a contribution margin statement. From this we will be able to see the differences in production costs from the two income statements. These figures will let us be able to assess if Mr. Rosen has improved his division’s performance by increasing production. We will also be able to tell if absorption costing is a viab le option for management to use when making decisions like increasing production when sales are not forecasted to improve. We will also discuss a few shortcomings of the absorption approach and how it relates to management. And finally, we will see if Mr. Rosen’s decision would allow him to be considered for the CEO position. Absorption vs. Variable Costing (Contribution margin) â€Å"The main difference between variable costing and absorption costing is the accounting for fixed manufacturing costs.† (Horngren C. n.d.) This is never more evident than in this case study. Income statements prepared using these different methods usually produce different net operating income, and they will also produce different costs per unit sold. In order to completely fill out the income statements we will need to look at the 1st quarter’s income statement listed in Table 1. From the data in table 1 we will need more data to input into the absorption and contribution margin income statements. This additional data is displayed in Table 2. Now we will plug these numbers into both the absorption and contribution margin income statements shown in tables 3 and 4 below for both the 1st and 2nd quarters. Information for setting up these tables was obtained from the article â€Å"Income Comparison of Variable and Absorption Costing† from Accountingexplanation.com. One can notice right away that there are some major differences between the two income statements especially in the 2nd quarter’s net operating income. Under absorption the net operating income is $650,000 and Mr. Rosen would think that his bottom line is looking better and he could almost see himself in the corner office. But running the numbers using the variable costing method in the contribution income statement, the increase in production shows the same net operating income as the previous quarter which was $350,000. So how can the bottom line look so much better under absorption than contribution? The main reasons have to do with fixed manufacturing overhead and inventories. Fixed manufacturing overhead are things like rent, facilities expenses, salaries, and insurance that do not change over a given period of time. â€Å"Since fixed overhead costs do not change substantially, they are easy to predict, and so should rarely vary from the budgeted amount.† (Bragg 20 13) This is demonstrated in the cost per unit sold difference between the first and second quarters. First quarter’s was $72 while 2nd was $60. The reason is because fixed manufacturing costs are involved in the equation. In absorption you have to take the fixed manufacturing costs ($600,000) and divide by the total units manufactured (50,000) to get $12 per unit. Now you add that to the cost per unit manufactured on Table 1 ($48) to get a total of $60 per unit manufactured. When the company only produced 25,000 units the cost was $72 per unit. ((600,000/25,000) + $48 = $72). Now the excess fixed manufacturing costs are rolled into inventory for the next quarter. As shown in the less ending inventory in Table 3 ($1,500,000), because 25,000 units of the units manufactured were not sold. Contribution margin or variable costing does not break up the fixed manufacturing costs, instead it puts in the entire amount of $600,000 into the quarter and does not roll over the fixed costs into inventory. (As shown in the line fixed manufacturing overhead below the contribution margin.) Ho wever, in variable costing, $48 of manufacturing cost per unit is rolled over in the inventory. Because variable costing accounts for the fixed costs entirely it is the better option for knowing where your company stands. Besides the problems with absorption costing listed above, it considers fixed manufacturing overhead as product cost which shows a higher cost per unit than variable costing. As a result, it does not help management decide the selling price of a product. In the example above table 3 shows $72 and $60 per unit sold, while table 4, the variable cost per unit sold is $55. Also absorption costing can make the bottom line look better than it is by removing product costs from the income statement by producing inventory. This way managers, like Mr. Rosen, who are evaluated on the basis of operating income can temporarily improve profitability by increasing production. But there some that still think there are advantages to absorption costing. â€Å"Advocates of absorption costing argue that all manufacturing costs must be assigned to products in order to properly match the costs of producing units of product with the revenues from the units when they are sold.† (Accountingexplanation .com n.d.) But given the reasons stated above variable costing is still the way to keep the books for the decision makers. I would not recommend Mr. Rosen for the CEO position because he seems to have cooked the absorption books in his favor. By increasing his production he manipulated the fixed manufacturing costs to show them lower than they really are and thus showing a better net operating income. But the real costs are rapped up in inventory for the next quarter to worry about, like kicking the can down the road. There is something that Mr. Rosen could do, or might have been planning to do, to correct the inventory problem. He could plan on selling more units. What if market research shows that sales will increase by nearly 20% if Lokkmok drops prices by 5% to gain a competitive edge in the 3rd quarter? Look at Tables 5 and 6 below to show how dropping the prices and increasing sales to get rid of inventory would help the bottom line. Notice the difference between keeping the status quo of pricing and sales compared to the ‘what if’ third quarter numbers on both income statements. Now notice the difference of the bottom line between the absorption ‘what if’ 3rd quarter and the contribution margin income statement, the bottom  line suffers under absorption because sales are eating into the inventory, which is a good thing. But in reality the increase sales has increased revenue, eating away at inventory and actually helping the bottom line, as is the case on the contribution income statement which shows net operating income went up over 21%. Conclusion We have discussed the shortfalls of absorption costing, while showing the many benefits of variable costing and the contribution income statement. Whether it showing the correct net operating income for a company that increases production, or that selling more units, cutting into inventory, and increases revenue actually helps the bottom line, variable costing is correct tool for decision makers. Attached to the submitted Case assignment is the excel worksheet I used. I learned a lot about accounting and excel to complete this assignment. I had a fun time crunching the numbers to see how sales, fixed/variable costs, unit pricing and the like affect the income statement. Please feel free to open and change the yellow highlighted sections to see the outcomes. Please give me any feedback on the excel spreadsheet, for I was a broadcast journalism major 18 years ago and have not tinkered with spreadsheets too often. Thank you. References Horngren C. (n.d.) Chapter 9: Absorption/Variable Costing Retrieved from http://www.csus.edu/indiv/p/pforsichh/accountinginfo/121/documents/newCh09In-ClassProblemsHorngren13e-MYCOPY-X2.pdf Bragg, S (2013) What is fixed overhead?, AccountingTools. Retrieved from http://www.accountingtools.com/questions-and-answers/what-is-fixed-overhead.html Accountingexplanation.com. (n.d.). Advantages, Disadvantages, and Limitations of Variable Costing Systems. Retrieved from http://www.accountingexplanation.com/advantages_disadvantages_limitations_of_

Free Censorship And Smart Consumption Should Be Practiced

All humans, by nature, want to gain factual knowledge. According to the online retailer Littlewoods, children ask â€Å"an astonishing 288 questions every day† to their parents, one about every two minutes (News.com.au) Even in the story of Paradise Lost, the fall of humanity happened because Eve and Adam disobeyed God and ate of the â€Å"tree of knowledge† of good and evil (Milton 832). This act forever changed the course of human history, and now people live in a world that is fallen and broken, a world cursed by the consumption of this â€Å"false fruit† (Milton 838). However, in a world far removed from the story of creation, are people still changed and affected by the movies, books, and people that are around them? While knowledge is a good thing if it is of God, proper censorship and smart consumption should be practiced regularly so that people are not desensitized and demoralized by what they see and hear. God created Adam and Eve to live in a perfect world, one filled with â€Å"pleasant [work]† for them to enjoy, where they tend the Garden of Eden together, with God and all of his angels close at hand (Milton 819). Through this vast expanse of land, they received all the knowledge they needed, and were given instruction not to eat of the forbidden tree because they would die. To gain knowledge of evil for â€Å"happier life†, as the Devil suggests, only leads to death and hard labor, something that neither of them will come to enjoy (Milton 831). To ascertain that the forbidding ofShow MoreRelatedInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesnetwork or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing 10% postconsumer waste. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QDB/QDB 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 978-0-07-811257-7 MHID 0-07-811257-5 Vice President Editor-in-Chief: Brent Gordon Vice President, EDP/Central Publishing Services: Kimberly Meriwether-DavidRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesbeen one of the elemental activities of our species, along with eating and reproducing, but mass movement was a new phenomenon—as was the related â€Å"massification† of reproduction, production, trade, and transportation, as well as communication, consumption, and culture. Mass migration is an integral part of these broader global processes that have shaped the modern world. Dating the shift is—like the periodization of any social process—a slippery affair. But for mass migration, and for some ofRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use materialRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesSacramento, CA 95819 USA ii iii Preface Copyright  © 2011-14 by Bradley H. Dowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant